The primary function of a wall charger (often incorrectly called a "charger" since the actual charging circuit that manages the battery is usually inside the device itself) is to act as a power supply. This conversion process involves three main steps:
Transformation: A transformer steps down the high AC voltage (e.g., 120V or 230V) to a much lower AC voltage (e.g., around 5V, 9V, 12V, etc., depending on the device).
Rectification: A rectifier circuit converts the low AC voltage into a pulsating DC voltage.
Regulation: A voltage regulator smooths out the pulsating DC and ensures a stable, safe DC voltage and current is delivered to the connected device via the cable.
Modern, "smart" wall chargers also contain circuitry that communicates with the connected device to negotiate the optimal charging voltage and current, allowing for Fast Charging protocols.
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